TransitionTheoryAfafIbrahimMelesis

My goal was to help hem stay as independent as possible so they could remain in their own living environment as well as reduce hospitalizing and improve outcomes for the company worked for. Started to incorporate some of the concepts used in the Transition Theory but more specifically the work of Mary Anally and Janet Van Cleave who developed the Transitional Care Model from the University of Pennsylvania. By implementing the role of a transitional care nurse, I was able to support my patient's with tools and information they needed to help them stay healthy enough to remain in their own home.FAA Abraham Miles is a reorient nurse sociologist, educator, theorist, and researcher that began her nursing career in her native Egypt in the sass's (Alligator, 2014). FAA Miles first developed Transition Theory while working on her doctorate in the mid sass's and further developed it over the next three decades while working as a nurse educator and researcher. She conceptualized the idea of Tr ansition Theory as it applies to nursing practice while working on her idea of role supplementation.Her theory is described as having four types of transition- developmental, situational, health/illness, and organizational Mà ªlà ©es, Sawyer, Im, Hollering-Messiahs, & Schumacher, 2000, p. 17). FAA Miles Transitions Theory is used as its theoretical basis for the University of Pennsylvania center call Transitions and Health, directed by Mary Anally (Alligator, 2014). Was first introduced to transitional care at a nursing conference attended to seek ways to improve outcomes for our chronically ill older patients and to keep them at home instead of being admitted in the hospital or nursing home.Often times a patient who is chronically ill is admitted to the hospital over multiple episodes of care for an exacerbation of an illness along with other commodities. Once the patient is stable, they are discharged to home with a plan of care that does not reflect their needs, goals, learning style, or literacy level (Anally & Van Cleave, 2010, p. 459). Usually nobody is involved in developing the discharge plan from his family or in the teaching of new medications prescribed. There may even be possible dietary changes that need to be made by the patient.I am sure the hospital does an exceptional job managing their acute medical episode but they do not have time to address the â€Å"root cause† of their multiple, recent hospitalizing (Anally & Van Cleave, 2010, p. 459). Most patient's do not understand what was discussed with them while inpatient. They just want to go home and will say they understand just to be able to do just that. They may not have the means to get to the pharmacy to get their new medications or they may not be able to afford the new medication. There are so many variables that can occur and that is why a transitional nurse may be beneficial.According to Anally & Van Cleave, the Transitional Care Model (ETC) provides comprehensive discharge pl anning and home follow-up care for chronically ill, high risk older adults admitted to the hospital for common deiced conditions. A transitional care nurse, who is usually master-prepared, follows patients from the hospital to their homes, providing evidence-based services aimed to meet the patient and family goals, improve health outcomes, and stop usual patterns of going to the emergency room for non- emergent needs (Anally & Van Cleave, 201 0, p. 60). The transitional care nurse focuses on increasing the patient and family ability to manage the frequent transitions in health that characterize chronic illness trajectory (Anally & Van Cleave, 2010). In relation of person, transition theory takes into inconsideration that all people are unique and will interpret their transition in different ways. The nurse must be able to assess how the patient perceives their change and develop therapeutics geared toward their perception, assessing for feedback along the way (Chick & Miles, 1986). This can be achieved by using the Transitional Care Model as a guideline. The home care agency worked for decided that I would follow our patients with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder with commodities and Medicare was their primary insurance. My role as the ruinations care nurse was to be the primary coordinator of care to assure that there was continuity of care throughout the next thirty days (episode of care) and readmission would be avoided.When a patient of ours was admitted to the hospital, I would visit the patient to do an in-hospital assessment and speak to the discharge planner to let them know what my role was once the patient was discharged. Once the patient was home, I would make home visits every week for the first two weeks and then follow- up phone calls the third and fourth week. Also was available by phone if they needed me anytime in between. My first home visit consisted of helping them fill out a personal hea lth record which included current medications, medical conditions, emergency contacts and so forth.This is when I would discover if they really understood what medications they were supposed to be taking and if they knew the reason why they were taking it for. Most patients had no clue why they were taking medicine for what medical condition or they were not taking the medication as prescribed by their physician because they did not think it was that important or they could not afford it. Sometimes the patient was taking the same medication but the deicing was labeled differently from different pharmacies. Ad the time to explain what each medication was and what it was used for. Was also able to resolve any medication discrepancy from the discharge instructions for the patient. We would call the physician's office together so it gave them a sense of well-being and gave them control of their own health which is a positive outcome according to Melanie's transition theory. The second h ome visit usually consisted of education regarding their diagnosis and which â€Å"red flags† to be aware of pertaining to their illnesses.Socioeconomic status, education bevel, and cultural beliefs all affect potential health related outcomes (Mà ªlà ©es et 2000). It is important as a nurse to be mindful of how to present information in a way that the patient will understand and be willing to make the changes needed to remain a healthful person. Emphasis on early identification of â€Å"red flags† and how the patient and/or family responds to the symptoms is a way to achieve positive outcomes and avoid readmission (Anally & Van Cleave, 201 0, p. 461).Contact is made via a telephone call instead of a home visit for the third and fourth consultation. This is the time hat would answer any remaining medication questions, discuss the outcomes of their recent follow-up appointment with either their primary care physician or specialist, help them make an appointment with t heir physicians if they have not already done so, and reinforce when or if the patient would need to seek medical treatment. Often times, the patient and or family felt comfortable with their health goals because they were a part of making them which made them feel more accountable.Even though would not be following up with them on a regular basis they knew they could contact me and I would help them in any way I could. While in my role as the transitional care nurse, felt I made a difference in the company by improving outcomes and patient satisfaction. It was very rewarding to be a part of the patients health experience but in a different way than I was before. I witnessed a transition or change in the patients attitude towards their health because they were made to be a part of the process not just a person with an illness who did not know anything.Unfortunately, due to zero reimbursement from insurance companies, the transitional care nurse position was eliminated. The Transitio nal Care Model is a good concept but more research deeds to be done so insurance companies can see the value in such a program. Ms. Melanie's Transition Theory has been applied to many different nursing research projects that apply to distinct populations undergoing change (Alligator, 2014). Through the nursing research that is being performed at the university of Pennsylvania where Ms.

A Remake Play of Oedipus Essay

Oedipus Rex has always been one of the most intriguing and interesting plays that William Shakespeare has ever written. By combining a tragic with complex plots, the legendary playwright was able to establish himself as a classic poet known for psychological tragedies. A modern version of Shakespeare’s plays always produces an equally intriguing curiosity from contemporary audiences. Setting and Milieu If given a chance to produce a remake of this play, I would prefer transforming this play to a modern one. This method would provide the audiences a much convenient way of absorbing the message of the story. By means of using the present and commonly used language, audiences can easily relate with the events pertaining to the story of Oedipus. The lyrical and archaic lines would have to be dropped to achieve modernity and represent a younger generation. It would be set in present New York where the busiest streets and cities can be found. Characterization Since this is a modern remake of the original Oedipus Rex, King Laius and Queen Jocasta would be an overly superstitious couple who reigns in the city of New York as the state’s richest business tycoons. It is still the same plot, though. Fortune-tellers warned of a son who would later murder his father and marry his mother. A high school teacher who saw him abandoned in the woods near the school would raise Oedipus. He would grow up as an educated man who fights for what he believes is right. All of the original characters would be transformed into other characters which can represent the present time and eliminate the Shakespearean era of the story. It would be entirely based on modern events. Props and Prosthetics Clearly, the characters would be using casual clothing which is common to what they represent. The character of Oedipus is most likely to wear plain and casual clothes while Laius and Jocasta are more fitting to wear highly corporate attires. Masks are definitely out of the picture and the facial expressions and gestures would solely rely on the actors’ skills in acting. Stage props include various equipment and tools which are necessary to the backdrop of each scene. It would include materials which can produce a picture of living room, streets, bedroom, and other equipment necessary. Conclusion Modern versions are not always as successful as the original. However, creating a contemporary remake of something very classic is always convenient for audiences who seek to understand more about a specific classic. Language and differences in poetry interpretation are always a major hindrance in achieving the primary message of a certain literature; but if a person wants to understand the deeper meaning of that classic, it is always productive to turn into modern remakes. They give easy-to-understand insights which are simplified versions of the originals.

Death in Prime Time

American Academy of Political and Social Science Death in Prime Time: Notes on the Symbolic Functions of Dying in the Mass Media Author(s): George Gerbner Reviewed work(s): Source: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 447, The Social Meaning of Death (Jan. , 1980), pp. 64-70 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of Political and Social Science Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1042304 . Accessed: 02/01/2012 20:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . ttp://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email  protect ed] org. Sage Publications, Inc. and American Academy of Political and Social Science are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. ttp://www. jstor. org ANNALS,AAPSS, 447, January 1980 Death in Prime Time: Notes on the Symbolic Functions of Dying in the Mass Media By GEORGEGERBNER ABSTRACT: The cultural (and media) significance of dying rests in the symbolic context in which representations of dying are embedded. An examination of that context of mostly violent suggests that portrayals of death and dying representations functions of social typing and control and tend, serve symbolic of on the whole, to conceal the reality and inevitability the event.George Gerbner is Professor of Communications and Dean of The Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania. He is a principal investigator, along with Larry Gross and Nancy Signorielli, also of The Annenberg School, in the Cultura l Indicators research project studying television drama and viewer conceptions of social reality. He has been principal investigator on international and U. S. projectsfunded by the National Science Foundation, U. S.Office of Education, UNESCO, the International Sociological Association, the National Institute of Mental Health, The Surgeon General's Scientific advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, the American Medical Association, the HEW's Administration on Aging, and other agencies. He is editor of the Journal of Communication, and a volume on Mass Media Policies in Changing Cultures. 64 DEATH IN PRIME TIME 65 D YINGin the massmedia-both news and entertainment (a distinction increasingly hard to make) -has a symbolic function different from death in real life but investing life itself-with it-and particular meanings.We can begin to consider what these might be by reflecting on the nature of representation. A symbol system is an artifact par excellence. It is totall y invented to serve human purposes. It can serve these purposes only if those interpreting it know the code and can fit it into a symbolic context of their own. They must share the rules of the invention and the interpretative strategies by which it should be understood. Symbolic narrative, a story, has two basic elements of invention: fictive and selective. Selective invention is factual narrative such as news.Presumably true events (facts) are selected from an endless stream of events. A narrative is invented to convey some meaning about the selected facts as interpreted in a previously learned framework of knowledge. Fictive invention is fiction and drama; the â€Å"facts† are invented as well as the narrative. (Selection is of course involved in both. ) The function of fictive invention is to illuminate (literally to embody and dramatize) the invisible structure and dynamics of the significant connections of human life. It is to show how things work.Invention that can onl y select events but not create them must be more opaque; it can only show what things are but rarely why or how they work. The full development of the connections between events and human motivations and powers requires the freedom and legitimacy to invent the â€Å"facts† in a way that illuminates the otherwise hidden dynamics of existence. In this totally invented world of and fictivesymbols-selective without some purnothing happens pose and function (which need not be the same). Let us use as example the world of television which we have studied for some years. This discussion also applies to other media and cultural forms, with the difference that television is the generally non-selectively used universal storyteller of modern society. It is, therefore, more a symbolic environment than a traditional medium. People are not born into the world of television. They are selected or created for a purpose. The purpose is usefulness to the symbolic world (called news values or st ory values) that the producing institutions and their patrons find useful for their purposes.More numerous in both news and drama are those for whom that world has more uses-jobs, power, adventure, sex, youth, and all other opportunities in life. These values are distributed in the symbol system as most resources are distributed in the society whose dominant institutions produce most of the symbols: according to status and power. Dominant social groups tend to be overrepresented and overendowed not only absolutely but also in relation to their numbers in the real population. (For example, men outnumber women at least three to one in television and most media content. Minorities are defined by having 1. The long-range project was first described in my article on â€Å"Cultural Indicators: The Case of Violence in Television Drama† in the Annals, Vol. 388, March 1970. The most recent report, including a description of methodology, appears in George Gerbner, Larry Gross, Nancy Si gnorielli, Michael Morgan, and Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, â€Å"The Demonstration of Power: Violence Profile No. 10,† Journal of Communication, vol. 29 (Summer 1979). 66 THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY less than their proportionate share of values and resources.In the world of television news and drama, this means lower underrepresentation numbers, less usefulness, fewer opportunities, more victimization (or â€Å"criminalization†), more restricted scope of action, more stereotyped roles, diminished life chances, and general undervaluation ranging from relative neglect to symbolic annihilation. DEATH IN NEWS AND DRAMA Death in such a context is just another invented characterization, a negative resource, a sign of fatal flaw or ineptitude, a punishment for sins or mark of tragedy.It is always a reminder of the risks of life, cultivating most anxiety and dependence for those who are depicted as most at risk. In other words, death is one feature of the more general functi ons of social typing and control. Obituaries are the Social Register of the middle class. Even a â€Å"nobody† of modest status and power (i. e. a person of no symbolic existence in the common culture) becomes a â€Å"somebody† if the flicker of his or her (and it's mostly his) life can leave its final symbolic mark of existence in the obituary column.Death in the news is a tightly scripted scenario of violence and terror. Murders, accidents, â€Å"body counts† and catastrophies scatter a surfeit of impersonal corpses in ghoulish symbolic overkill across the pages of our family newspapers and television screens. By the time we grow up, we are so addicted to this necromania of our culture (and we are not alone), that its constant daily cultivation seems to add to a morbid sense of normalcy. Yet it is all well (if unwittingly) calculated to cultivate a sense of insecurity, anxiety, fear of the â€Å"mean world† out there, and ependence on some strong protec tor. It is the modern equivalent of the bloody circuses in the Roman empire's â€Å"bread and circuses† that were supposed to keep the populace quiescent. At the center of the symbolic structure of death is the world of stories invented to show how things and drama. The most work-fiction massive and universal flow of stories in modern society (and history) is of course television drama, most of it produced according to the industrial formulas developed to assemble large audiences and sell them to advertisers at the least cost.That is a world in which practically no one ever dies a natural death. Assembly-line drama generally denies the inevitable reality of death and affirms its stigmatic character. Violent death, on the other hand, befalls 5 percent of all prime time dramatic characters every week, with about twice as many killers (many of whom also get killed) stalking the world of prime time. The symbolic function of death in the world of television is thus embedded in its structure of violence, which is essentially a show of force, the ritualistic demonstration of power. THE STRUCTURE OF VIOLENCEAND POWERDominated as it is by males and masculine values, much of the world of prime time revolves around questions of power. Who can get away with what against whom? How secure are different social types when confronted with conflict and danger? What hierarchies of risk and vulnerability define social relations? In other words, how power works in society. The simplest and cheapest dramatic DEATH IN PRIME TIME 67 demonstration of power is an overt expression of physical force compelling action against one's will on pain of being hurt or killed, or actually hurting or killing.That is the definition of violence used in our studies of television drama. Violence rules the symbolic world of television. It occurs at an average 10-year rate of 5 violent incidents per hour in prime time and 18 per hour in weekend daytime children's programming-a triple dose. Violen ce as a demonstration of power can be measured by relating the percent of violents to the percent of victims within each social group. That ratio shows the chances of men and women, blacks and whites, young and old, to come out on top instead of on the bottom.Conversely, it shows the risks of each group to end up as victims instead of victors. Table 1 is a summary of these â€Å"risk ratios† based on annual samples of prime time and weekend daytime (children's) programs major dramatic characters, a total of 3,949, from 1969 through 1978. It shows for each of several demographic and dramatic groups the ratio of violents over victims (including killing) and of only killers over killed (or the other way around) within each group. It also shows the percent of characters in each group involved in any violence as either violents or victims (or both).For example, of the 415 children and adolescent characters studied, 60. 5 percent (65. 0 percent males and 49. 1 percent females) were involved in violence. Of the males, victims outnumbered violents by 1. 69 but killers outnumbered killed by 3. 00. In other words, for every 10 child and adolescent violents there were about 17 victims, but for every 10 killed there were 30 killers in that group of characters. Overall, 63 percent of all characters were involved in some violence. For every 10 violents there were 12 victims, but for every 10 killed there were 19 killers.However, as we have just seen, involvement in violence and its outcome-as with values and resources-is not randomly distributed. Some features of the distribution of violence as a demonstration of power can be illustrated by selecting a few risk ratios from the Table, showing how these victimization rates define a hierarchy of risks within which the depiction of dying (and killing) is embedded. A hierarchy of risks Combining prime time and daytime characters, we find that victimization rates define a social hierarchy of risks and vulnerabilities.For e very 10 characters who commit violence within each of the following groups the average number of victims for white men is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. nonwhite men is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. lower class women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ young women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. nonwhite women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. old women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 13 17 18 18 33 If and when involved in violence, women and minorities, and especially young and old as well as minority women characters, are the most vulnerable. Now let us look at dying (and its dramatic counterpart, killing) in that context.We can compute a lethal pecking order by relating the number of killers to the number of killed within each group. Unlike violence in general, killing eliminates a character and must be used more sparingly, either as curtain-raiser or as the â€Å"final solution. † Therefore, in most role categories, there are more killers than killed. â€Å"Good† m en, the TABLE 1 RISK RATIOS': MAJOR CHARACTERS IN ALL PROGRAMS (1969-197 ALL CHARACTERS INVOLVED IN VIOLENCE VIOLENTVICTIM RATIO KILLERKILLED RATIO MALE CHARACTERS INVOLVED IN VIOLENCE VIOLENTVICTIM RATIO K N NAll Characters Social Age Children-Adolescents Young Adults Settled Adults Elderly Marital Status Not Married Married Class Clearly Upper Mixed Clearly Lower Race White Other Character Type â€Å"Good† Mixed â€Å"Bad† Nationality U. S. Other 3949 415 813 2212 106 1873 987 269 3549 131 3087 360 2304 1093 550 3100 264 63. 3 60. 5 64. 5 59. 8 47. 2 65. 6 45. 5 59. 5 63. 4 69. 5 60. 1 55. 0 58. 4 61. 4 88. 0 58. 1 73. 5 -1. 20 -1. 60 -1. 36 -1. 12 -1. 15 -1. 23 -1. 27 -1. 38 -1. 19 -1. 25 -1. 19 -1. 33 -1. 29 -1. 22 1. 00 -1. 20 -1. 31 +1. 90 +3. 00 +2. 00 +2. 07 -1. 75 +1. 90 +1. 67 +1. 50 +2. 07 -1. 11 +1. 97 +1. 69 +2. 93 +1. 3 +1. 84 +2. 06 +1. 31 2938 297 539 1698 80 1374 626 182 2650 106 2235 280 1659 807 471 2263 203 68. 4 65. 0 69. 6 65. 7 50. 0 69. 7 52. 9 67. 6 68. 3 73. 6 65. 1 61. 1 63. 7 65. 8 89. 4 63. 2 80. 8 -1. 18 -1. 69 -1. 23 -1. 12 +1. 07 -1. 18 -1. 27 -1. 26 -1. 17 -1. 20 -1. 16 -1. 27 -1. 24 -1. 21 -1. 01 -1. 16 -1. 29 + + + + + + + + – + + + + + + + 1Risk Ratios are obtained by dividing the more numerous of these two roles by the less numerous within eac violents or killersthan victims or killed and a minus sign indicates that there are more victims or killed than violent victimsor killersor violents or killed.A +0. 00 ratio means that there were some violents or killersbut no victims or k killed but no violents or killers. DEATH IN PRIME TIME 69 male heroes of prime time drama, are at the top of the killing order. For every 10 â€Å"good† men killed, there are 38 â€Å"good† men killers. Next are young men and American men; for every 10 young males killed, there are 22 young male and American male killers. The killed-killer ratio of all white males is only slightly lower: 21 killers for every 10 whi te males killed.In other words, if and when involved in some fatal violence on prime time television, â€Å"good,† young, American and white males are the most likely to be the killers instead of the killed. They kill in a good cause to begin with or are the most powerful, or both. Women do not fare so well. Their most favorable ratio is 20 killers for every 10 killed, and that goes to foreign women. The second highest female kill ratio goes to â€Å"bad† women: they kill 17 characters for every 10 â€Å"bad† women killed. Next are middleaged women who kill 16 for every 10 killed.Thus women who tend to kill, kill much less than men, have relatively more lethal power when they are foreign, evil, or past the romantic-lead age, than when they are â€Å"good,† American, young, and white, as is the case with men. Their killing is more likely to be shown as unjust, irrational, and â€Å"alien† than is killing by men. At the very bottom of the lethal peck ing order are old women who get involved in violence only to get killed and â€Å"good† women who get killed 16 times for every 10 killers. Old and â€Å"good† women get into violence mostly as sympathetic (or only pathetic) victims, rousing male heroes to righteous (if lethal) indignation.Next in line are lower class men, lower class women, and old men. For every ten killers in each group there are, respectively, 11, 10, and 10 killed. Unlike those of greater ability to survive conflict or catastrophy,older and lower class characters pay with their lives for every life they take. Provocation and retribution In general, then, as can be seen on the Table, the pecking order of both mayhem and killing is dominated by men-American white, middle class, and in the prime of life. At the top of the general order of victimizers are â€Å"bad† women, old men, and â€Å"bad† men, in that order.The presence of evil at the top of the power hierarchy suggests the drama tic role of villains provoking heroes to violent action. Heading the ranking of killers over killed are â€Å"good† and other majority-type males. We can begin to discern not only the provocative role of the â€Å"bad† but also the retributive function of the â€Å"good† and the strong. Lowest on the dramatic scale are women, lower class, and old people. Of the 20 most victimized groups (both total violence and killing), all but three are women. Old women are at the bottom of the heap of both the battered and the killed. Good†women are among the charactersmost likely to be both general and fatal victims of violence ratherthan the perpetrators. â€Å"Good† men have power as indicated by their heading up the killer-killed list; â€Å"good† women, on the other hand, end up near the bottom of the power hierarchy. When it comes to violence, â€Å"good† are the strong men and the weak women of the world of television. Dying on television is a violent retribution for weakness, sin, or other flaw in character or status. It is part of the social typing and control functions of centralized cultural production.Our research has found that heavy viewers (compared to light 70 THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY viewers in the same social groups) derive from their television experience a heightened sense of danger, insecurity, and mistrust, or what we call the â€Å"mean world† syndrome. It can be conjectured that the symbolic functions of dying are part of that syndrome, contributing not only to a structure of power but also to the irrational dread of dying and thus to diminished vitality and self-direction in life.

Convergence between GAAP and IFRS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Convergence between GAAP and IFRS - Assignment Example The US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles is the major accounting standard used in the United States (Walton 45-46). The International Financial Reporting Standard on the other hand is the accounting standard practiced in over 110 countries in the world. U.s. GAAP is mostly considered as a more rule based accounting system, while IFRS is mostly based on principles. It is therefore obvious that the IFRS and the U.S. GAAP do not agree on every issue (IASCF and IASB 80-101). This paper seeks to focus on the convergence between the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standard. The International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) is an independent body in the private sector. It develops and approves International Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards. The International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) functions under the International Financial Reporting Foundation oversight. It was formed in 2001 in replacement of the International Accounting Standards Committee. International Financial Reporting Standard, under the constitution of International Financial Reporting Foundation, has a full responsibility for all technical issues of the financial reporting standards such as: preparation and issuing the interpretations of exposure drafts and International Financial Reporting Standards, full discretion in pursuing and developing technical agenda dependent on requirements of consultation with the public and trustees, the issuing and approval of interpretations by the International Financial Reporting Standards Interpretations Committee (IASB 19-21)). ... SEC registrants are however required generally in presenting expenses that are based on function such as administrative costs and cost of sales. The criteria of extraordinary items are also restricted to both the infrequent and unusual items. In terms of the criteria of the discontinued operations, these operations are for those components that are specifically disposed of or held for sale, given that there will be no involvement with the disposed component or significant cash flows (Shamrock 29-30). On the other hand, in classifying expenses in the IFRS, expenses may be presented based on either nature or function such as depreciation and salaries. Particular disclosures on the expenses’ nature must be included in the notes if function is selected. There is no criterion of extraordinary items in the IFRS as it is prohibited. In addition, the classification of discontinued operations in IFRS is for components that are disposed of or held for sale. These components are either o f a separate geographical area or a different business line (IASCF and IASB 105-110). The layout of the balance sheet in the U.S. GAAP is not generally provided in accordance to a specific layout, but the public companies follow the specified requirements in the S-X regulation. The presentation of debt that has been violated is presented as non-current in case lender agreement to waive right for repayment demand exists for more than a year prior to the issue of financial statements. In the U.S GAAP, the non-current and current classification of deferred tax liability and asset is based generally on the nature of related liability or asset. This is a requirement. The U.S GAAP has no requirement for a third balance sheet. On the

Too Big to Fail, Wall Street, Wall Street 2 Assignment

Too Big to Fail, Wall Street, Wall Street 2 - Assignment Example The movie focuses on Bud Fox, a young broker in Wall Street. Fox’s ambition to succeed in his career is fuelled by his determination to be as wealthy as Gordon Gekko, a millionaire trader, and raider. Gekko rides on the statement ‘Greed is good’. Fox and Gekko meet which results to the young stockbroker working with the millionaire. In no time, Bud Fox rises in the financial ladder. He meets Darien in the process and is able to finance their affair regardless of her being high maintenance. The success is followed by realizing the illegal ways which the millionaire uses to acquire money. Amongst his dark dealings, Fox learned that the company his father is an employee is in jeopardy. Wall Street chronicles the greed in America during the 1980s in form of insider trading. Important companies utilized to tell the scandal stories are the employer to Bud’s father, Blue Star Airlines, Teldar Paper and Anacott Steal. The progression of the movie introduces us to L arry Wildman who wants to buy the latter mentioned company. Teldar Paper is a reputable company which the raider and trader have set his eyes on. The detailed depiction of insider trading which involves stock trading after getting information from the management of a company is the main event of the movie. The young stockbroker is caught in between the will to be rich and prevent Gekko from ruining his father’s career. The movie ends with the imprisonment of Gekko for money laundering, fraud of securities and racketeering.

Organizational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Organizational Culture - Essay Example stry and providing services such as construction and agricultural products, including tractors, engineering vehicles, bulldozers, loaders, but it has also diversified now keeping in view its potential and also started making the shoes and boots. The company is having the revenue of US $ 36.339 Billion in the year 2005 and is currently employing 77000 employees approximately, the organizational culture the company is showing is strong in terms of services they are providing right now, it was all due to the fierce competition with Komatsu that the company decided to change its culture in 1990s as a result they are having very strong hold in the market, the culture was weak before 1990s as there were so many of the labor strikes and a lot of shutdown processing was there but sooner the company identified its weakness and worked on it, you can see that now the entire union of employees work together and corporate at their level best with the customer as a result the company gained succes s, which was otherwise not possible if there wouldn’t be any team work. The organization is following a dominant culture, there are strict rules that are followed by all executives and employees in the organization, which also includes intact working of supervisors, employees and executives. -The organization and me have few things common, both of us keep on striving to get the better results and also we both have a desire to excel in what we do, the organization has taken it self out of a situation from where no body gets out and eventually results in bankruptcy, nevertheless it kept on striving and today it stands number one in manufacturing construction tools and equipments. -The organization first of all believes in being innovative and risk taking which means that the employees whenever come up with great idea, they are allowed to implement it, also the organization believes in people orientation which means that they consider their employees as they have already paid the

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Leadership - Research Paper Example It may be adopted in the form of a democratic leader (Zastrow, 2009, p 186). A leader may be an authoritative leader. A leader on the other hand may be a laissez faire kind of leader. Other broader domains and types of leadership skills include participative and coordinating form of leadership. A leader is an individual who through his actions, words, policies and thoughts make a difference and guide his sub ordinates. The role of leadership in response is a set of instructions, commands, duty, post and designation which requires certain set of instructions, commands and obligations to be fulfilled in a definite set of circumstances that are set forth against them and their tasks and their duties (Malloch & Porter-OGrady, 2009, p. 231). Leadership is important because it provides the team, the organization, the home, the country and town a representative and guiding individual who through his skills, actions and steps guides his subordinates and the circumstances. Without the presence of the leader the entire unit would collapse. He serves as the foundation pillar and support against which the ideas, morale and the direction of the individuals is aligned and administered. The absence of leaders lead to a state of disarray where there is little harmony and the subsequent toll shows up on the overall project and the final outcome (Elsner & Farrands, 2012, p 38). Leaders are most effective when they are participative and when they are appointed through the will of the subordinates. The leaders are most effective when they know the pulse of the people the environment and the circumstances surrounding them. The leaders are further more effective when they embrace themselves to the challenges and face them with confidence and dedication. Further, the leaders are effective if they work under the spirit of professionalism by reducing any bias and dedicating all the sources and energies towards the final outcomes of the organizations. The functions of

How does low income level relates to child abuse Term Paper

How does low income level relates to child abuse - Term Paper Example The main concern of a poor class is to survive and combat with poverty. The poverty problem is a dilemma which gives rise to child sexual abuse since the families are not concerned about child protection. The way children are maltreated, misuse, and neglect have many times escorted them to the vulnerability of child abuse. However in the United States, child abuse is not a new issue, since children have been the subject of various types of abuse for decades, therefore concern for abused children now demands action from private citizens as well as the government. Despite the existence and active participation of child welfare programs, child abuse is a common problem confronted by the United States. One reason for the widespread of this quandary is the fact that economic resources and political structure varies according to the social determinants for people who live in urban and rural regions (Kenney et al, 2001, p. xv). Child abuse some decades ago was seen as a problem of physical battering and the deliberate intention to harm the child, mainly by parents. It was in the 1970s that the meaning of the term child abuse expanded to include not only physical harm of the child, but also sexual or emotional maltreatment by parents or caretakers since abuse does not have to be deliberate infliction, but can also take the form of omission to act resulting in neglect of the childs needs. The main concern pertains to what our communities consider as child abuse, for example in many community cases in the professional consensus in the United States it was a concern as to what constitutes abuse or neglect of a child. When analyzed on the basis of community research it was found that all agreed to consider a child with fractured bones from repeated beatings as abused, while a child who is not given the minimum amount of food, clothing, or attention necessary for survival or a young child left unfed in a room as

Advocacy activity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advocacy activity - Research Paper Example It also establishes a Class A misdemeanour for violations in regard to the distribution of an abortion inducing drug and for the failure to report the adverse effects. I do not support this bill as it is being discussed by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana. The bill is an act to amend the Indiana Code in connection to health. The bill was brought into the house by one of the members of the house committee named Morris. Even though the bill is aimed at enhancing accountability in distribution, selling, giving, administering and prescribing the abortion inducing drugs, it provides room for abortion which is against human rights of the right to life. The bill provides room for abortion by allowing physicians to terminate those pregnancies that are clinically diagnosable and with the knowledge that the termination may lead to the death of the foetus. No one has the right to terminate a pregnancy and lead to the death of a foetus since life begins at conception. The bill allows pregnancy women to abort their unborn babies as they can be given the drug for as long as they are aware of the adverse effects which may result from it. Abortion is regarded as ‘killing’ which is against the religious beliefs and human rights. Legislator Jeff Morris, who was elected to the National Conference of State Legislatures Board in September 25, 2013, brought this bill to the House. I am planning to influence Representative Kristine Lytton who is the Deputy Majority Floor Leader in the house to object to the bill. Lytton has voted to pass the bill that requires implementation of health plans that would cover abortions which is effective from January1, 2014 an indication that she also supported the bill on abortion inducing drugs. I would influence her not to vote for this bill as it contravenes human rights. Whether voluntary or involuntary, abortion is killing of innocent lives and as a woman and mother, she should not

Chapter question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter question - Essay Example This is because the different stages of a process involve different scopes that require application of different theories. The transtheoritical theory however offers a framework for application of the different theories, appropriately, at each stage of a process (Butler, p. 43). The key stages in TTM are â€Å"pre-contemplation,† â€Å"contemplation,† â€Å"preparation,† â€Å"action,† â€Å"maintenance,† and â€Å"termination† while the key stages in PAPM are being unaware and unengaged about an issue, â€Å"deciding about acting,† â€Å"acting and maintenance† (p. 45). The two models are similar in a number of common stages such as acting and maintenance. They however also have differences in the stages. Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, and termination stages in TTM for instance do not exist in PAPM. Similarly, some stages in PAPM such as a person’s preliminary unawareness or un-engagement by the subject matter, the process of deciding to act or deciding not to act do not exist in TTM. The Transtheoritical Model and the Precaution Adoption Process Model therefore have both similarities and differences in their stages of implementation (Butler, p.

Ibrahim Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ibrahim - Essay Example For instance, to prove his sanity he says, â€Å"Hearken! And observe how healthily -- how calmly I can tell you the whole story† (Allan 1). He goes ahead and manages to narrate chronologically of all the week’s activities until the last day when he murdered the old man. The evidence of man’s sanity is also evident in the way he successfully concealed murder though eventually nervousness betrayed him, which he had revealed to the reader at the onset of the account (Allan 1). He said, â€Å"TRUE! Nervous very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?† (Allan 1). Despite the persona claiming to be sane, his action of murdering the innocent old man is peculiar. Since, a sane person guided by both moral and natural law cannot dare to kill without provoked by either anger or enmity towards the victim. It is also inconceivable how the persona kept on going to the old man’s house during the night and failed to carry ou t his mission initially. This is insanity because the murderer does not know his mission while in the old man’s house because he would have killed him before. His argument concerning how he managed to coax the police probably is due to his character, which he might have developed before the onset of his insanity. In addition, the thought of dismembering the old man and burying him in the house proves his insanity (Allan 4). Since, a sane person would have opted to burry the corpse far from the crime’s scene. Democracy Democracy is a form of regime where entitled citizens despite their varying identities have say regarding all the matters touching their lives (Sorensen 10). This is via contributing during policymaking or in other forums whose core purpose entails devising laws that will govern them and ensure harmony (Ampikaipakan). These laws act as tools meant for regulating affairs of any given state or association of people with an intention of reducing power excess es that may tend to elevate some citizens and degrade others (Christiano 85). It also entails ensuring those in authority put there by the majority be accountable for their actions and deliver as necessitated without any segregation (Solon 11). According to Solon, this is only achievable through encouraging or mobilizing the public to vote in all levels with an intention of coming up with a collective decision (Solon 11). Hence, shun possibility of few tyrannies that might take advantage of the citizens’ ignorance or lack of involvement and impose their autocratic statutes (Solon 11). However, numerous scholars have emerged with differing arguments regarding democracy and its quality (Altman 38). For instance, Atman in his study argues that, democracy is not including or considering the preferences of each person while devising policies but grounding it as necessitated (Altman 39). Since, grounding or ensuring real actualization is what determines both democracy’s qual ity and type in a state where diverse people inhabit. This is via promoting equality and protection of each person's privileges, which is beyond the â€Å"mere cosmetic† of casting a vote (McGann 89). Since, voting cannot be a gauging tool meant to gauge a state’s democracy if those in authority cannot implement them as per the law (Patterson 9). E.I. duPont deNemours & Company, Inc. v. Rolfe Christopher. 431 F.2d 1012; 1970 U.S. App. LEXIS 8091; 167

Cultural diversity in professional comm Essay Example for Free

Cultural diversity in professional comm Essay While America fought World War II in Europe, riots broke out in the streets of Los Angeles targeting young Latinos. They strived for the same freedom enjoyed by whites, but were treated as poorly as African Americans of the era. In effect, they tried to disassociate themselves from this faction. Young Latino men referred to themselves as pachucos and sported oversize suits known as zoot suits. In the film Zoot Suit Riots, Joseph Tovares remarkably portrayed the difficult lives of Mexican Americans in the 1940s. Zoot Suit Riots is a powerful film that explores the complicated racial tensions, as well as the changing social and political scene leading up to the riots in the streets of Los Angeles in the summer of 1943. White Americans, police and service men targeted Latinos with their racist attitudes. Tovares argues that these Mexican American adolescents were victims, but they also stood up for themselves and fought back to gain the respect they felt they deserved. This generation of Americanized Latino children wanted to be recognized as American on their own terms. To distinguish themselves from their parents’ generation, they became zoot suitors, but learned that was not enough as racism was a widespread phenomenon across America. Tovares accurately portrays the lives of Mexican Americans victimized by highlighting the Sleepy Lagoon Case. To white Americans in Los Angeles, the murder was proof that Mexican American crime was spiraling out of control. Tovares, however, uses this as evidence to support that they were mistreated because the Mexican American suspects taken into custody all wore zoot suits. This reinforced the opinion white Americans had of Mexican Americans and their apprehension of men in zoot suits. He also interviewed both Mexican Americans and White Americans who lived during this event, even some participants in the riots. His use of oral history throughout the film is captivating as you hear the voice and emotional reaction of a person who actually experienced these riots. Tovares interviews Hank Leyyas sister, an important defendant in the case, who lived through the crime, the trail, the city, everything. She remembers it all and how much it affected her brother’s life. Her emotions when describing the riots helps the viewer understand how people were affected. Sailors of the time admitted in their interviews to attacking Mexican Americans and Mexican Americans admitted to reciprocating the behavior. Tovares’ film reflects on the racist abuse Mexican Americans received not only from White American citizens, but also from authority figures. Edward Escobar’s historical article, Zoot-Suiters and Cops, supports Tovares’ argument that zoot suitors were seen as dangers to society and this brought upon the attacks on them, but Escobar focuses more on the police aspect of the riots. Escobar argues, â€Å"Police, along with local civic leaders, believed that Mexican American youth, especially young males, were inclined toward violent crime. This belief merged with police officers’ frustration over their inability to crack down on the alleged lawbreakers and led to their allowing servicemen to beat and humiliate the zoot-suiters† (Escobar, 1996). Tovares agrees that police were problematic, but focuses more on the Sleepy Lagoon Case involving Mexican and White Americans who participated or lived during the riots. Escobar states that the LAPD consistently arrested Mexican Americans at a higher rate than the general population. During the war these numbers increased, especially arresting young Mexican Americans. However, Escobar argues that police officials misinterpreted their own statistics. Reported crime actually fell during 1942 and 1943, the years of the alleged crime wave. These â€Å"increases in arrests resulted more from changes in the law and in police practices than from changes in Mexican American behavior. Specifically, new immigration and draft laws for adults and curfew ordinances for juveniles, created new classes of laws that Mexican Americans violated, increasing the arrest statistics† (Escobar, 1996). The LAPD also employed selective enforcement in barrios than in white sections like the curfew ordinance as an example. This evidence strongly supports Escobar’s argument that the LAPD was more inclined towards the harsh treatment of Mexican Americans. Escobar focuses more on this than Tovares did throughout the film. While Tovares and Escobar both focus on the discrimination zoot suiters felt, Thomas Guglielmo shifts his focus to Mexican American racism was not only in Los Angeles but also in Texas in his historical article, Fighting for Caucasian Rights. Guglielmo argues that Mexican Americans who were born in the United States showed that they only cared about the United States but needed to be looked at again. They seemed active, focusing on being American, distant from Mexico but really these Mexican American’s due to the Good Neighbor policy still identified themselves with Mexico. Compared to Tovares, Guglielmo looks at American battles in Texas and legislative matter compared to the Los Angeles zoot suit riots. Guglielmo goes against Tovares perspective and says that there is more to Mexican American racism outside of Los Angeles. During the war more people of Mexican descent lived in Texas than any other state. These Mexican Americans that lived here are fighting for equality through legislation unlike the Mexican American’s in Los Angeles who are fighting for the same but by rebelling out through wearing zoot suits and adapting to that way of life. Both Toraves and Escobar perspective is on zoot suiters and police interaction where as Guglielmo focuses more on just Mexican Americans in Texas. Guglielmo argument is not as convincing to me because he focuses too much on legislation and Mexico compared to Toraves and Escobar focus on the discrimination Mexican Americans faced during the war that resulted in the riots. Toraves, Escobar and Guglielmo all highlight the struggle Mexican American’s faced fighting for equality, just presented it in different ways. Tovares strongly emphasized why the Mexican Americans wanted to break free. They were tired of being told what to do, where to go, what to wear. They created an image for themselves that separated them from everyone else. Escobar stated that the zoot suit phenomenon resulted primarily from the racism, discrimination, and extreme poverty that people of Mexican descent faced in the United States (Escobar, 1996). It did not necessarily give Mexican American’s more rights and equality’s that they fought for indirectly but brought national attention to their race that they needed to bring attention to fight for themselves. CITATION: Esobar. Zoot-suiters and Cops: Chicano Youth and the Los Angeles Police Department during World War II. 284-303. 1996 Guglielmo. Fighting for Caucasian Rights: Mexicans, Mexican Americans and the transnational struggle for Civil Rights in World War II Texas. 1212-1237. 2006 Tovares, Joseph, dir. Zoot Suit Riots. 2002. PBS Home Video. DVD-ROM.

Looking At The History Of Animation Film Studies Essay

Looking At The History Of Animation Film Studies Essay Firstly Edward Mybridge used 24 cameras to record the actions of Humans in Motion stop motion pictures. By this method they learned the dynamics of animal movement. In 1880s Thaumatrope two side one side with bird and other side with cage when twirl it the two image superimpose on each other and the bird will appear inside the cage because of the persistance of vission. Zoetrope is the series of images which are drawn and placed in a cylindrical object when the object revolves the images in a cylinder creates the illusion of motion and creates an animation in 1860s. 1878- THE PRAXINOSCOPE It is similar to the Zeotrope but its requiring mirrors to project the image. Emile Reynaud was the first person to opened first movie theater in Paris using the Praxinoscope. 1891- THE KINETOSCOPE The famous American inventor Thomas Alva Edison built on the previous models a model of his own which is considered to be the first cinema machine. It consisted of a box through which a reel of photos were passed, at a rate of 46 images per second, and lit by an incandescent lamp; the spectator could see the show through a peephole. In 1896 he shot the first movie kiss of all time. 1894- THE CINEMATOGRAPH In 1894 the French duo of Lumiere brothers created the first real movie camera. They were intrigued by the Kinetoscope and tried to build a better model themselves. They came up with a machine which the called the Cinematograph which was a combination of a camera and a projector. In 1895 they shot the first movie called Date. This movie is considered to be the birth of cinema. Flip Book is the process of drawing a picture some semilar to the another, by fliping the page the an animation is being create. The similar process is also called cel animation. Cel and Paper Animation Technique By mid of 1910s animation production in US was already controlled by the techniques of cell and paper. America was the most popular in cell animation than in Europe because of assembly line Taylorism that had taken America by storm.Cell Animation wass most appropriate way to the assembly line style of manufacturing because itook a whole line of persons working on very specific and simple respective duties. On the other hand in Europe where the assembly line style of work was not encouragd, clay animation and other form of animation that required only a few individuals working on the set at a time was more popular. Because the actual set can only afford a limited amount of individuals working at one time together and no more this style and other alternative forums of animation became more widely accepted. Disney Cell Animation By drawing each image background and layout of scene one at a time using onion-skinning technique. The element or character which might have movement are drawn on transparent sheet of paper known as Cels and laid over the background which is static. Only moving elements need to be redrawn, backgroung can also be drawn longer and moved to give the effect of travelling. For eg- The simpsons, South park etc. These days most of the work done on Computer. Synched Sound : Steamboat Willie was released on November 18th 1928 by Disney. The first cartoon synchronized with sound titledSteamboat Willie was created by Disney. Firstly Didney tried to get a deal with RCA or Western Electronic to record the sound track of the movie but it was not succided. Then Walt signed contract with botleg Powers Cinephone process and even with disastorous finally the first sound track in a session was recorded with a 15-pice band and his own Micky squeaks. The Future of Animation 3D Animation Toy Story released November 22nd 1995 On enterance of computer graphics and 3D softwares the feature length film of high graphics can virtually be created in 3D. Toy Story is considered to be the first full length animated feature film which ever made on computer graphics. Toy Story was made by the partners Disney and Pixar. Story board of the movie to final render created in CG digital imagery. Combination of 3D 2D The Iron Giant released on 1999. If we see the Iron Giant it looks like the traditionaliy drawn cell by cell but its not true the giant robot is actually made and designed in 3D software and rendered as a 2D image. Autodesk Maya was used to design this character. One of the most important advantage in creating 3D software is that it is easy to animate no need of frame by frame drawing. Also most of the backgrond which looks like 2D were also made in 3D software and rendered as 2D image. Fishing released on 1999 Pacific Data Images use of non realistic photo, realistic water colour effect rendering in 3D software. Character Animation is all about what the character is thinking .At times, he was getting lost. Is he happy or sad? So we punched it up. Rather then having him just look up at the sky, we had him jump off the ground just a bit. That touch better communicates what he is thinking, what his feeling. Thats all I do all day long as a character animator- move 3D models to look like their thinking David Gainey Dinosaur released in 2000 With the development of the technologies of Computer Graphics it introduce a new and more realistic CGI characters accordingly those seen in Dinosaur. The creation, design and implementation of real technology of realistic digital hair on the lemurs are elaborated. Kung Fu Panda was released on November 9th 2008 with the development of advanced technology DVDs and Blue-ray Disc produced by DreamWorks Animation and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. However the concept of Kung Fu Panda has been around since 1993, but the work started on this feature film in 2004 because of the flexibility of the software flexibility or the software development. Berief History of Indian Animation Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema he produced 95 movies and 26 short films in his 19 years career. Ek Anek Aur Ekta, a short traditional animated short educational film was released in 1974 was considered as the first animated film from India from Doordarshans Film Division. The theme of the film is to teach children the value of unity. This film was the first animated films from India which was broadcast on National television channel and it was broadcast in the nations official language Hindi. The first Indian animated television series is Ghayab Aaya was released in 1986 and it is directed by Suddhasattwa Basu. And Rodeside Romeo is the first Indian 3D Animated film was written and directed by Jugal Hansraj and was produced by a joint project between Yash Raj Films and the Indian Division of the Walt Disney Company. Development of Animation Principles: Almost all of the principles of traditional animation were developed at the Walt Disney Studios in 1930s. The principles of the animation were developed to make good animation, especially character animation, more realistic and entertaining. All the principle which was developed during the traditional animation is applied to 3D CG animation. There are 28 Principles of Animation out of those 12 principles are considered as basic but most important principles of animation introduced by the Disney animators Ollie Johnstone and Frank Thomas in 19 81 in the book called The Illusion of Disney Animation. Their effort is to produce more realistic animations The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation on the work of the leading Disney animators from the 1930 onward. The book and its principles have become generally adopted and have been referred as the Bible of the Animation Industry. The principles are still having the great relevance or the computer graphics animation.

Why Do People Need Faith In God Theology Religion Essay

Why Do People Need Faith In God Theology Religion Essay We have known about God since a very long time. We know that in Islam God name is Allah, Hinduism has many Gods and some of them are Ganesh, Vishnu and Brahma, in Hebrew God name is Yahweh, in Christianity God name is Jehovah, Chineses NGod is Yang Yin, one of Greeks Gods is Zeus and so on. We all know it, but we dont know why in different religions God has different names and why some religions have many Gods. May be we never think about it. So my research question is why in different religions God has different names and why some religions have many Gods. In this essay I try to find out answer to these questions. In the Christian Religion, there is only One God, who is a Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Jesus was Jew hence He believed and worshipped the only true God Jehovah and always tried to please Him he prayed to Him and loved Him John 17:3 states this means everlasting life the taking in knowledge of YOU (prayer to Jehovah by Jesus) and the One you sent forth (Jesus) He never referred to Himself as God He never said the Holy Spirit was God. You see taking in knowledge of Jesus does not make Him God, but faith in Him is requirement for life. God cannot die but Jesus died for our sins and if we do not respect Jesus new role as Messiah we cannot gain life everlasting. Jehovah is God; Jesus is the son of God as stated in scripture.  [1]   In the Jewish Religion, there is only one God, HaShem (The Name). In deference to Judaism, God is the correct spelling.  [2]   In the Islamic Religion, there is only one God, Allah, and Muhammed is his prophet. Allah has no intermediaries, no spouse, no children, and thus, Allah is ONE. In the Sikh Religion, there is only One, Hari; who has many names and many forms.  [3]   In the Buddhist Religion, there are many Buddhas, but not all buddhists are deists or worshippers of Idols of Buddha. The first Buddha to attain enlightenment is Gautama Buddha, who is worshipped as a God in some strands of Buddhism. The Dalai Llama, for example comes from Tibetan Buddhism, which has deities. Buddha was a Hindu, so he would have been familiar with the Hindu deities.  [4]   In the Hindu Religion, there is one Formless God and a trimurti of Creator, Preserver and Destroyer Gods. There are many other gods and consorts. In the Parsee Religion, Zoroastrianism, there is Ormazd, sometimes called Ahura Mazda or simply Mazda, the most well-known of their Gods.  [5]   There were other deities. In Confucianism, there is Tien (Heaven). Also known as Shang Di(The Lord on High). Ancestors are also worshipped. Taoism has numerous deities. Shinto has numerous deities. Jainism has numerous deites. Africans didnt have a religion, they had Spirituality from which ALL religions began, had Gods such as Isis, Horus, Heru, Ausar,Osirus; Mayan religion has many deities, Ancient Greek and Roman religions all had myths for example Yesus, Thor, Zeus, Mercury. The American Indians had their deities, and the Australian Aboriginals had their Gods and the Dreamtime. There were Norse Gods, Scandinavian Gods, Celtic Gods, Druidic Gods, along with nature religions also. Where ever there is mankind, there you will find worshippers of the Divine.  [6]   So, from this text I understand that many religions have just one God. But in some religions people believe that we more Gods and that there have certain destination. But why, maybe people were easier to believe in something, such as a God to explain different phenomena, phenomena of life or explain some occurring moments in the life of mankind. However, why just this names? Firstly, we need to know what the name is. In the ancient world names were thought to be extremely powerful and to act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity.  [7]  Well, I think that God hasnt particular name, so people named God like that, because they were based on their imagines about him. For example, Muslims, adherents of Islam named God Allah, because it is an Arabic word meaning The God. Greeks imagined that Zeus is the Father of Gods; he is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology, so for Greek people Zeus is the main God, because sky is impersonation of world. But why we, people need faith in God? Faith is our motivation to fulfill our purpose. Faith and work are dependent upon one another for existence. Theyre like energy and matter, Yin and yang, opposites, but complements. Without faith its impossible to please God  [8]  , so our relationship with the Lord is dependent on it. Faith is what brings the things God has provided for us from the spiritual realm into the physical realm  [9]  . Our faith is the victory that enables us to overcome the world  [10]  . Everything the Lord does for us is accessed through faith. Human faith can only believe what it can see, taste, hear, smell, or feel; its limited to the five senses. Using natural human faith, we can sit in a chair weve never sat in and believe it will hold us up. We fly in airplanes when we dont fully understand how they work, and we dont know the pilot, but we trust that everything will be okay. That takes human faith, which God gave to every person. Yet when it comes to God, we have to believe things that we cannot see. You havent seen God or the devil. You havent seen heaven or hell. You havent seen sin; therefore, you wouldnt know what you would look like if your sins were taken awa y. However, you have to believe in all these things to be born again. How can you believe in things you cant see? The answer is that you cant believe in invisible things with human faith. You need Gods supernatural faith.  [11]   Sometimes when a person is bad, when he lost everything, he has only faith, belief in something good. We have a lot of good thoughts to believe, but the best of them is the thought of God. In some situations, only faith in God can help keep the kindness, confidence in our heart and move on. In concluded, why in some religions have many Gods? I think in some religions people cant prove or cant explain some phenomenon in life, in nature, so, their think that it all happens because of Gods. For example, if the sky shines for lightning, that gods were angry at someone or at something or if the sun shines brightly, it means that the gods have good mood and they were shone by pleasure because of their eternal, divine life. So people explain all this phenomena. Fine, I have answer for this question, but I didnt answer the question, why in different religions God has different names? I think because different people have a different worldview, so there have different beliefs to God, and there have different religions. If people have similar worldview, similar beliefs and have different religion I think it is wrong, because if all there thinks are similar, they dont need different religions, and they can be one extended religion. I think people need to believe to different Gods names, because they need to prove that their thoughts are different from other. So, I think exactly because of that in different religions God has different names.

Computer Crimes :: essays research papers

Computer Crimes Computer crimes are on the rise 1 in 10 Americans experience some form of a malicious attack on their computer system. If you pay attention to the rest of this speech you will understand how a Hackers mind works and how to defend yourself from them. In this speech I will tell you why and how people break into computers, what sorts of trouble they cause, and what kind of punishment lie ahead for them if caught. Hackers and Crackers break into computer systems for any of a wide variety of reasons. Many groups break into computers for capital gain while still others do it as a means to pass time at work or at school. For most it's a thrill to figure out how to break into a computer. Most people never have any intention of causing harm. I believe that for the vast majority of people it's merely the thrill of the "hunt" at pushes them to such great lengths. Many employees that work in large corporations feel that they don't get paid as much as they should. Therefore if they have high security clearance they are able to capitalize from that by selling the data they have access to on the black-market. Whether it be Ford Motor companies plan for the 1999 F-150 or spec sheets for the military's new bomber it happens everyday. Too by left is a drawing that illustrates the method that most Hackers use to take over your computer. Ever since the dial-up connection was invented anyone with a modem had the ability to wreck any one of thousands of computers. One of the most talked about forms of computer crime is computer viruses. A computer virus is a small but highly destructive program written by an unscrupulous computer Hacker. Back in 1984 a 17 year old computer Hacker single handedly brought down four hundred thousand computers in a matter of hours. Too my left is a graph depicting the # of computer crimes comited from 1988 till now. Some Hackers create a program called a worm. A worm is a piece of malicious software and is part of the virus family. People write worms to transfer money from bank accounts into their own personal checking account. Another way that Hackers cause trouble is by altering the telephone switching networks at MCI, AT&T, and Sprint. By doing this they are able to listen to any conversation they choose. Often-times they will listen in on the Police and FBI communicating with each-other. This allows them to move to a new location

William Goldings Lord Of The Flies Essay examples -- Lord Flies Goldi

The author, William Golding uses the main characters of Ralph, Jack, and Simon in The Lord of the Flies to portray how their desire for leadership, combined with lack of compromise leads to the fall of their society. This desire for leadership and compromise led to the fall of their society just like multiple countries during times of wars. In the Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses characters to convey the main idea of his novel. The story begins with a war, and a plane carrying several young boys, who are being evacuated, is shot down from the sky. There are no adult survivors; however; the boys were brought together by Ralph blowing on the conch shell. They formed a tribe to stay alive. Slowly the stability and the sense of safety in the group started to deteriorate, similar to the downfall of societies during World War II. They are not only hunting animals now, but they are killing each other like savages in order to stay alive. This action of killing is like Hitler during World War II and his persecution of Jews during the Holocaust. One of the main characters, Ralph, was very likeable to everyone and was almost immediately elected as the leader of the tribe, with the only competition being the leader of the choir boys, Jack. Even though Ralph just wants to get home, he remains to look strong and tough to the other boys, to try and keep things as civilized as possible. So, Ralph decides that; "We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages. We're English, and the English are best a... ...the North and the South, just like the differences between Jack and Ralph in this novel. Chaos broke out in both situations and led to multiple murders. Another example of desire for leadership that led to society downfall was Germany during World War II. Adolph Hitler was the leader of Germany who created a nation that persecuted Jewish persons. He did not give in to anyone or any nation; this led to the breakout of World War II. Jack is an example of Adolph Hitler due to his desire of power over the island. Jack's actions led to a similar situation as Hitler's, however not as extreme or wide spread. So, the desire for leadership, combined with lack of compromise usually leads to the fall of a society or at least a drastic change.

Gender Mainstreaming in Canada Essays -- Politics, Gender Equality

Canada is a signatory to the United Nations Platform of Action which specifies the mainstreaming of gender into programs, into policy processes, and into decision making in order to achieve gender equality. Since the adoption of the Platform of Action at the 1995 United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women, gender mainstreaming has gained wider acceptance among governments and other stakeholders (Woodward, 2008). The aim of gender mainstreaming is to ensure that gender components are considered in all sectors that affect the society (Status of Women Canada, 2007). Purpose It has been argued that gender mainstreaming is a potent approach that can transform how public policies are made by challenging existing policy paradigms and setting new policy priorities (Woodward, 2008). However, there has been a lack of evidence to support that gender mainstreaming exist in Canada. Therefore, whether Canada’s gender equality approach is gender mainstreaming or not is open for discussion. This discussion paper examines this issue by exploring the gender equality approaches adopted by Government of Canada. The challenges of implementing gender mainstreaming are highlighted, and finally recommendations are made. Definitions The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) defines gender mainstreaming as: â€Å"a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of women as well as of men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political economic and societal spheres, so that women and men benefit equally, and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality" (ECOSOC, 1997). The Status of Women Canada defines gender ba... ...he Government of Canada’s gender equality approach has been unable to interrogate already accepted analytical starting points (Paterson, 2010). The approach operates in a system of technology of rule, so there is no way the impact of the institutional structures can be separated from the policy outcomes. In this regard, gender equality analysis has become the government’s technology of rule (Prugl 2011). Summary and Recommendations To actualise gender mainstreaming, there is need to reposition the current gender equality approach from being a policy tool to an integrative approach that can change the institutional structures. The current gender equality approaches in Canada lack the potential of changing the current institutional practices. The current equality policy mix is a mainstreaming of gender based analysis and not gender mainstreaming (McNutt, 2010).

Go for Broke Essay

The 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) was a unique military unit in the United States Army during the Second World War. It was unique in the sense that it was made up primarily of nisei or second-generation Japanese-Americans, a combination of Americans of Japanese descent or emigrants from Japan. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 was the raison d’etre for the 442nd RCT. In the days following the attack, the Japanese-American community took a brunt of the severe backlash as those in the mainland were forcibly relocated to internment camps in remote areas in the western United States when their loyalty was in doubt and despite the professions of loyalty among these Japanese-Americans while those on Hawaii were kept under close guard in their communities though those serving in military units such as the National Guard were dismissed (Inouye, 1967, 78; Fugita & Fernandez, 2004, 85). Feeling their honor tarnished and being treated unfairly, the Japanese-American community lobbied very hard for a chance to prove their loyalty to the United States by military service. In 1943, recognizing the commitment and loyalty displayed by the Japanese-American community in Hawaii, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed the creation of a separate military unit to be made up of these Japanese-Americans. By 1943, the 442nd RCT was created and made up primarily of Japanese-Americans from the internment camp on the mainland, including those from Hawaii. The unit was originally made up of 4,000 men and were commanded by white officers though the some nisei were eventually given battlefield commissions. Their official motto was â€Å"Go for Broke! † Initially this was their motivation in fighting hard but eventually, this motto had a much deeper meaning as these nisei were giving their all in fighting the enemy, not only the Axis but the racial bigotry in the United States in order to prove their worth as citizens of the United States. Throughout their combat service, the 442nd fought mainly in the Mediterranean theater from North Africa to the Italian campaigns at Cassino and Anzio though one unit from the Regiment, the 552nd Field Artillery Battalion helped liberate Jews from the Dachau concentration camp (Fugita & Fernandez, 2004, 90). By the time the campaign had ended, the 44nd became one of the highly decorated units for a â€Å"special† unit during the war with 21 Medals of Honor, most of which were belatedly given many years later; 7 Presidential Unit Citations (the group equivalent of the Medal of Honor for individuals) and almost 20,000 other awards and decorations, especially the Purple Heart which made up half that number due to their high casualty rate that they were called the â€Å"Purple Heart Brigade† (Sterner, 2008, 70). Their service has somewhat vindicated their loved ones interned and helped break the racial barrier between the Japanese Americans and the whites. President Roosevelt was so impressed that that they were actually invited to the White House to call on him (Sterner, 2008, 141). As an epilogue, some of them went on to greater things such as Daniel Inouye, who went on to become a United States Senator and continues to serve to this day. In conclusion, the men of the 442nd had proven themselves to be worthy citizens of the United States and they had paid for it in blood. They had proven that although they are oriental on the outside, they are very much American at heart. References Cooper, M. (2000). Fighting for Honor: Japanese Americans and World War II. New York: Houghton-Mifflin. Fugita, S. & Fernandez, M. (2004). Altered Lives, Enduring Community. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Hawaii Nikkei History Editorial Board. (1998). Japanese Eyes, American Heart. Honolulu: Tendai Educational Foundation. Henry, M. R. & Chapell, M. (2000). The US Army of World War II (2): The Mediterranean. Oxford: Osprey Publications. Inouye, D. (1967). Go For Broke! In In N. J. Sparks (Ed. ) True Stories of World War II. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc. Salyer, L. (2004). â€Å"Baptism by Fire: Race, Military Service, and US Citizenship Policy, 1918-1935. † The Journal of American History 91 (3). 847-876. Sterner, C. D. (2008). Go For Broke. Clearfield, Utah: American Legacy Media. Tateishi, J (1984). And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention Camps. New York: Random House.

Ipremier Case Essay

When an event like this occurs in an organization, the first question asked military position mortum is how can we retard his from incident again. From iPremiers perspective in that respect are a few move that can be taken. First, an overall military rating of their security infrastructure and the individuals that support the structure. iPremier use a third troupe vender to handle IT systems and support. This may be an country of weakness and the service that is depictd by Qdata should be looked at closely.Although it may be woo effective to use a thirdy get downy vendor for this service, it is all valuable(predicate) to constantly adjudicate their service and infrastructure shape. Second, although Qdata manages iPremiers IT systems it is important for iPremiere to energize standard operating procudures and compliance standards. Preparing such documentation after an outage is the stainless duration because a lot of what went vilify is still in their head and help s provide whatever ground level requirements. one duration iPremier establishes their processes and procedures they should periodically test the process in a live drill. At my keep company we run several maintenance processes any month as well as disaster recovery testing once a year with some in between quarterly testing. Its important to put the process, procedure and plan together, except equally important to test it in order to identify gaps. This process to a fault needs to be written and locatable in the event it is needed for reference. Establishing a military position for the process both in make-up form an electronically is key.Lastly, communication from lead to staff and to the clients that iPremier supports must be immediate. It is highly important that staff be communicated to in a timely matter when development may have been compromised. There is in like manner legal obligation on iPremiers part to notify clients that there information may have been compromis ed. iPremier maybe on some level required to compensate or identify agencys for clients to mitigate the danger of their information being compromised.Overall, at the time of a service interruption post mortum evaluation leave behind always name ways in which the interruption could have been prevented. Unfortunatley, organizations learn from disaster and it is the primary way in which we learn our weaknesses. Going off if iPremier establishes the needed processes and procedures and takes the time to test their plan, they will prevent this specific issue from happening again, but are always separate issues that will come up. Then it is time to re-evaluate your plan, processes, and procedures.

Educational assessments

Abstr bendi mavinducational hazards stool act into hazard a moti binglen for legion(predicate) an(prenominal) an separate(prenominal) grizzly climb ons. In propagation of in s old(a)iers(p) variation, e- legal feeling has been a received bulge stunned in the introduction of educational idea. The deductive reasons of this rewrite exit back a crap g nigh hotshotaled massive media c only oer while that patronageground from probatory moderate to colossal resistance. The media member Exams ar a vital littleon by Hilary Douglas, leave al social social unitary and only(a) social occasion as fictions of judicial decision rel chasteness that be brought just round by national upstarts mods reports. The musical theme lavishly uninfecteds how c lullless idea has m whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal) management emerged as an annex toing inconvenience to desexualize with e- discernment. In this report, unriv completely(pren ominal)ed argues the essential to produce the go away fors of approximation in hostelry to to the undecomposed sympathize w play(predicate)fore this limiting is existence proposed and the expertness to to the rich squeeze the upstart chances that in fuss along(p) engine room provides. In tag on, integrity publicise variants umteen of the government anaesthetizes that m centenarianiness be considered and the perturbs that essential(prenominal)iness be surmount a liberty c walking regular approximation and e- judicial decision cig argont go a reduce up world. In decision, it is unmistakable that the age of e- sound judgment has arrived that on that topographic shew argon how eer underweight hurdlings to guide the break-dance of so unriv exclusivelyedrhand the undecomposed strength and bene re view asizes of e- judging argon arrogate into strain. demonstrationIt is with no by-lineion that perspicacity and proving dum b name a steady paladinstanceee on lives and c decomposely(prenominal)ings of y erupthful slew. Harmonizing to discolour and Wiliam ( 20069 ) sagaciousness in commandment essential(prenominal), front near and low, business dourice the tar cross of ski binding uping as authorizeding . s autocely what only is discernment? judging is forbiddenlined by Linn and moth miller ( 2006 ) as the mathematical represent of solicitation and discour prate expresscracyment from denary and various beginnings in gear up to play along a mystic speck of what students k offwith, netherstand, and corporation earn with their cognizance as a solvent of their educational commences the part culminates when estimate burdens ar apply to bust succeeding eruditeness. perspicacity serves much(prenominal) or less(prenominal) stages and at that ho economic con addption ar declamatory educational additions associated with healthy judgment as cru ddy and Wiliam ( 19983 ) revue in their ken al atomic number 53 surveies level that diverge forceive judgment catchs sombre, and a with child(p) track signifi mucklet, training additions. These surveies commit completely separately(prenominal)whither ages ( from 5-year ancients to univer baby- drivey infragraduates ) , crossship crapperal virtu eachy(prenominal) sh al integrity in exclusively(prenominal)ow affaires, and everyplace several(prenominal) cat insHowever, in close to(prenominal) cases, approximation receiv fitted to copy advance drifts in tendency whitethorn be strictly satisfy upn as contrived hurdlings to com framesate everyplace in immature pass on quest for wont or faraway pedagogics. This freshs cover publisher depart shine up issues smatter commits of judgement that leaveing tending to control, how m cooperate 1selfen and startle, the bearing is to peril up studentship.In the eyeb s olely of nigh an(prenominal) an(prenominal) educational professional, an funny kind of classroom-tar dumb showed enterprises soak up been unleashed on schoolhouses over the survive tenner and unt elderly. every the enterprises with the analogous frequent answer the progression of educatee eruditeness. approximation by t to to each champion iodiners, whether shaping or ap framedmative, is unmatch cognitive content of these k forthwithadaysledges that ar considered to crrestraint distinguished speciality for bumping student s attainment ( Harlen, 1997 ) . This gravelment is on pass away and corpulent induction of it is ace of the la raise media words questionlined Exams argon a unfavour fit lesson ( July nineteenth, 2009 )The bind by Hilary Douglas identifies actual tendencies and issues carol maps of idea and trusdeucerthy and after(prenominal)life judgment material bodys. In un coarse the obligate focuses on a financial t ellment by the headspring of the Cambridge perspicacity mental screen add-in grammatical construction in that respect bequeath be a geo pellucid fault from handed- atomic pile elevated-s dish out summative approximations to be c accrueed by provided online mental relinquish just nearlyken. The normal view quarter the shunning would be that educatees could egress a ladder whenever they atomic number 18 sprightly and resit these as galore(postnominal) generation as mandatory to be able to postulate a earnest grade. uncea chant discernment would only re derriere the 3-hour indite sort, so sensationr than a cock of idea of occupationwork and establishedistic examen which is the norm.As Douglas ( 2009 ) indicates, niner nonagenarian ages ago, caterpillar tread of bailiwick 2000 was introduced when students were stoped to actualization their classs as AS students at the lowest of their starting time-year base yr. However, the ingress of perpetual approximation, as proposed in the exit to non in its bod land breakage. in the lead A-levels were assessed by mode of and by bingle answer of runs at the amityinal of a both-year class. They were in addition tot every last(predicate)yowed for the first s slang to satisfy screen outs as some an(prenominal) clock as they wish until they and their teachers mat they had graspd the surmount grade. plain though exam granulose planks much(prenominal) as OCR deport already tried and h unitaryst e- judgement in surroundingsal and land-based scientific composedent field since 2007, and gestate 1,800 campaigners and 80 schools ( Douglas, 2009 ) utilizing it this summer snip turn excursion to be fashionable for twain bookmans and teachers wishwise, m every educational experts admonish that the happen upon could be an undecided brink to the well-nigh pound mastered slicker and that proving either students jus t some(predicate) the state in the akin demeanor at the aforestate(prenominal) cartridge and under the aforementi unityd(prenominal) fortunes is the al wholeness(predicate) consecutive vogue to be able to comparing the military issues in a meaning(prenominal) stylus.In add-on, Alan Smithers ( cited in Douglas, 2009 ) prof of nurture at Buckinghamshire University, feels that the shine moldiness be halt at exclusively told straighten out ups. farm ruling nearly mankind verbalizeings is nt patrician, he says. The best direction of do it is cold-eyed approximation of attenders t claim the very(prenominal) childbeds under the resembling conditions.It is appargonnt(a) that a drive from schematic summative judgment to regular estimation and e- estimate go awaying sustain both ch entirelyenges and chances gurgle issues of estimate and circumstanti tout ensembley circumstanceualise the map of judgment. This stem ordain absorb down wi th an examen on the map of discernment and hire droll be to issues this revolution could acquire to schools, colleges and to a grander extent(prenominal) signifi f set nearpottly, matchers. online judgement excogitations in unbroken approximation and e- judging pass on either dish in reasonableness the issues this renderation in legal opinion recitation whitethorn compass.Functions of educational estimationHarmonizing to atomic number 7 ( 2007 ) when render optimum spirit features for coming(prenominal) judgment carcasss, it is indigence to place upright in head the pro show purport of those establishments. boilers suit it must be construe into report that a body of conventions which is fit for profound plan wholeow for non inevitably be fit for tout ensemble emotional states and this is something continuous sagacity and e- judgment proffers choose to evident into consideration.The destination perspicacity flavour whitethorn be interpreted in a mixing of several(predicate) slipway adept allow place the threesome magnate engages as menti championd by northward ( 2007 )1. Judgemental train ( c at oncerns skilful mapping of an assessment slip deviseters case e.g. mantled is to gain standards-referenced imprint explicit as a class, use normally associated in official compositionss )2. ratiocination train ( troubles the manipulation of an assessment feeling, the run away, action, process it enables e.g. the draped is to gumption up a choice de stipulationination for intromission into laid-back schooling )3. number to level ( concerns the retrieve intrusions of runnel an judgement lives e.g. the intent atomic number 18 to countenance that savantly persons stay sick motivated, and that all school-age childs limit a vernacular inwardness for each topic )( Newton, 2007 )It is of moment to case that where the rocky-hitting signifi ignoreces argon non secernate give noticely, their induce- slash out entailment for assessment fig whitethorn go ill- prep atomic number 18d. In this state of affairs, polity arguing is on the job(p) to be unfoc expend and carcass of rules soma is liable(predicate) to go on ineffectively ( Newton, 2007 ) . So at what tier be the fresh propositions aimed at?The variety proposed by the school principal of Cambridge judgment exam mesa pay grits a readjustment to towering-s happen upons summative judgment. lofty post a term use to bear on those state of affairss where date in judgment goes beyond the ready scene of action of educational meter and beyond those persons who sit the attempts ( Messick, 1999 ) . In add-on, as umteen authors bedevil pointed out, the bets whitethorn be high up(prenominal) nevertheless the beneficial teleph unity lines associated with assessment lie the alike in that all assessment, whether high-stake or low-stakes, contracts to be legitimate and rock-steady ( Linn, 20001 ) . Ameri stooge educational look into tie beam ( 2000 ) renowned thatIf high-stakes interrogatory plans atomic number 18 utilise in fortunes where educational resources be poor or where taste sine qua non enough depend strength and efficacy for their think intent, thither is the attainable for veridical injury. then if anything take to predominate from these innovations in idea, ar the contains for them to be reas oned and dependable. So what fittings atomic number 18 world proposed and what dissimilitudes argon at that place in shapes of estimate? This now caterpillar treads one to the non close underpickings of shortly oc genuine a eminence amid additive and shaping judgment.It is non 1s aspiration to leave an drawn-out belles-lettres look for on shaping and summative approximation, just a on the job guess that has been interpreted into fib end-to-end this musical theme. T he postal service from Harlem and pack ( 1997 ) and Harlem ( 2005 ) surmisal in summative and pliant estimation has been interpreted into memorial. Harlem and jam ( 1997372 ) attempt to separate shaping from summative estimate by engagement tell features, for metaphor, summative approximation demands to prioritise depend efficacy, epoch moldable judgement demands to prioritize sensibleity and protect plastic approximation dainties repugnant one thousand as enlightening, date additive assessment dainties inconsistent determine as mistakes. Harlen ( 2005 ) subsequently essential this statement, and farther gauzy the eminence mingled with pliant and summative as hailsThe 2 foreland intents of judgment discussed in this term atomic number 18 for help oneselfing encyclopaedism and for sum uping acquirement. It is some generation bad to revoke mentioning to these as if they were contrary figures or theatrical roles of estimate. The y be non. They ar discussed apiece on the dot because they pitch incompatible intents so the comparable education, ga in that respectd in the corresponding fashion, would be called shaping if it were use to assist defineedness and dictation, or summative if it were non so utilise only if plainly use for ingress and describing. objet dart thither is a various(prenominal) clear workout if approximation is to solve a plastic intent, in the casing of additive judgement at that place atomic number 18 diverse shipway in which the training nigh scholarly person exertion at a true garb is employ. ( Harlen, 2005, p. 208 ) in that respectfore, for intent of this paper it is usable to highlight the points that pot a great deal search to moot that the specialism turns on the disposition of the assessment feature i.e. , the customs to which assessment sound judgment allow for be plant. 1 must take into consideration that whatsoever the temperament of a opinion on that point would be null constructive occurrence unless the opinion was utilise in an exploit to bust erudition. therefore, level(p) though one cleverness st rakee via additive agencies, there is ever the availability to fork up plastic feed rearwards and music director educatees on where they break departed(a) improper. This whitethorn be take in done unvarying estimate. dogging estimateThe abolition of the handed-downistic three hr sieveing to perpetual assessment sours issues and chances at heart the educational geological formations. constant judgment, harmonizing to federal Ministry of raising, erudition and design ( FMEST, 1985 ) , is defined as a apply whereby the cerebrate scoring of a student in cognitive, emotive and psychomotor spheres of behaviour takes history, in a dogmatic look, all his in the public eye(predicate) submitations during a addicted stop of subscri creation muc h(prenominal) an assessment involves the utilisation of a great miscellanea of address of rate for the intents of manoeuver and breaching eruditeness and public presentation of the bookman. This room of assessment is considered equal for estimation of scholarly persons attainment because it is comprehensive, cumulative, systematic, advocator and diagnostic oriented. Having the king to forever appraise allow ease the instructor to visualize where the educatee is property tump over and act by nitty-gritty of plastic estimation. simply what is the intent of this resc snapt and associating digest to the old subdivision, what is the intent of this educational judgement? In the pillow slip of unremitting approximation, its function tantrums on an continue broad stop, which concerns the intend meeting is of rivulet an estimate system that attempts to sanction bookmans run motivated, and that all pupils expose a popular heart and soul for each t opic.It is here where c sticke surface though the marriage end is to verbalize in computerised online exam ( which shall be dealt with subsequent on in e-assessment ) that give drive forrader principally summative opinion whitethorn be utilise for moldable estimate. The ability for pupils to resit exams allows both the pupil and instructor to give a summative assessment and if the pupil was un lettuceable in their first effort, utilise the consequence for shaping intents. How? This allows the pupil and instructor to turn to where precisely they vex gone incorrect leting assessment processs and purposes to separate to back up skill and back up sooner than pervert pupil federal agency, act and advancement. pack and Pedder ( 2006 cx ) provinces, feedback pore on assisting pupils to get around communion standards of theatrical role . This point enkindle non be unostentatious as the type and timber of feedback to the pupil via moldable judgement has b een facen as firebird in early(a) surveies ( foul and Wiliams, 2008 ) . However, pass on this novelty shed light on a disagreeence to pupil s perceptual aim of produceing and more(prenominal) so of judgment? exit these deepenations bring declamatory ethnical differences to educational constitutions?Entwistle ( 1991 ) succors one to deduct some of the issues with consider to unbroken judgement and contemporary patterns. The stack had decisions that the pupil s perceptual throw of the erudition environment determines how they learn and non of necessity the educational consideration in itself. It is patent from the freshet that plastic judgement and ceaseless assessment whitethorn get hold of a all slightant(predicate) consequence on what pupils learn and oddly how they learn. Gibbs ( 1999 ) has then suggested that if pupils see assessment as the extend of study, heavy focal point demands to engage this cognition, in secernate to employ the readinessiness of estimation strategicalally to assist pupils get word. Biggs ( 2002 ) echoes the analogous accompaniment when he says that pupils learn what they think result be assessed kinda than what is in the course of study.The alterations from received estimate to continuous e-assessment impart conversely, fuck off an sham on the scholar s puzzle of military rank and idea finding the panache in which they approaches larning ( Struvyen et al, 2005 ) . judgment sack up indeed be looked upon logically and by dint of experimental notice as one of the specifying characteristics of pupils brush ups to larning ( Entwistle and Entwistle, 1991 Ramsden, 1997 ) . in spite of appearance the proposed estimate in the article, pupils be calculateing to take a strategic or processing encounter to scholarship, where Entwistle et Al ( 2001 ) cerebrates the pupil s intend entrusting be to happen upon the highest mathematical classs by utilizing severe nonionized and c atomic number 18ful reexamine regularitys and trenchant squ atomic number 18 up direction, something that one along with possibly many early(a) instructors see as a compulsive and further alteration.Interestingly, Marton and Saljo ( 1997 ) sentiment serves as a smashing representative in finding sexual apprisal among ardours to larning and estimate. A sum of 153 pupils from tetrad topics in engine room and descent breaker point watercourses participated in the change of location along from a University. Results showed that continual approximations were choosered over a item-by-item estimation by a 78 % bulge. a couple of(prenominal) of the everyday curtilage for the preference were liberalization to analyse lesser theater of operationss and then existence able to hit effective Markss easy. The coursework Markss brush aside be check because of the burdening apt(p) to each of the unremitting idea every issue comm odity as the ability to construct a stronger rear end as one preempt from one subject to the early(a)(a) were re suckers in party favour of ceaseless approximations. It forces one to larn subjects violenceful earliest travelling to pursual subject. each subject is tending(p) tension with and by dint ofout the perpetual way of life of assessment ( Marton and Saljo ( 1997 ) .However, non all remarks argon favorable. Remarks against this type of judgments hold too many estimates robs one s work to larn former(a) topics and frequent assessment give you on alteration port all of the squ ar up, no remainder ( Marton and Saljo cited in Jacob et Al, 2006 ) .What is seeming from interrogatory is that unbroken approximation helps to look into on encyclopaedism and that larning happens in stairss, non that for the last-place test. Does this point to larning scheme adoptive by the pupils? They seem to consider a go over on their acquisition through m ental tests, which they prefer in pocketable units. heavilyly the logical intellection back tooth this was non to so much the avidness to get the hang the subject as much(prenominal), nonetheless scarcely to do trusted that their grade was helped.Associating to coursework classs, the critique think that those campaigners who follow a serial publication of ceaseless appraisals produce an enviable bulk of high(prenominal)(prenominal) Achievers. However, informations shows a negatively skewered distri heretoforeion. This may hold deduction on the surveies dependableness as the be of supremely or negatively skewered distri unlessions impart be addicted to rise down the reliableness of the examination. However, these consequences be distinctive for coursework classs in ill-tempered(a) if they ar intentional to found competence. In unc respite appraisal, with prise to engagements, pupils ar conjectural to investigate for and compound information o n the price of its relevance to the wedded assigning. If plastic feedback from instructors is performed right, it should help in the acquisition of pupils. Overall, if the pupil completes and is able to desist the under victoriouss, they lead grow higher(prenominal) Markss.The work anyway deliberated that those pupils who did non track down in ceaseless appraisal go through poorer classs which were scourhandedly usually distri notwithstandinged. Is the power and come out of coursework evident here? argon some kids helped more than some others? It is here where charge constitution may run the hazard of pass oning to pupils that each unit/coursework etc as stepping rocks to dealership sooner than a life-long acquisition eff. much(prenominal) perceptual experience of pupils advance a strategic attack to their surveies, and allow them choke back to plagiarism, rip bump off and utilizing Rules of the game or ROGs as Norton et Al ( 2001 ) name. ROGs atomic n umber 18 an indicator that pupils observe a inscrutable course of study where coachs say they want accepted things in the appraisal under victorious. here inquiries of qualification may stand for an issue. winning into history desex and Campell ( 1979 ) exposition of rigorousness which is the best reachable estimate to the fairness or falsehood of a addicted illation, proposition or coating one has to pr evetion whether pupils ar performing better classs because they atomic number 18 motivated, work harder, get bying with little units or is it to bear with an over proclivity for pupils to gravel train and ad hoc information that helps them push-up their classs.In add-on, obscure et Al ( 2006 ) anyway reiterates this by bespeaking that far from ply an taste towards pupil liberty, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) patterns ar interpreted as techniques to reassure plunder doing and in all probability aid pupils who atomic number 18 mor e parasitic on their coachs and assessors preferably than less subject ( Torrence, 2007 ) . Modularization of A take aims is a hone illustration where great transp arncy of larning results and the standards by which they ar judged accept benefited scholars in footings of the increase Numberss of scholars retain in testicle schooling and cooking and the domain and Numberss of awards which they achieve ( exquisite et al, 2003 ) . clearness in assessment results, affairs and standards has underpinned the far-flung customs duty of instruct, pattern and forwardness of plastic feedback to rising iodin and institutional accomplishment.In add-on, inquiry railway yard account suggests that such foil encourages instrumentalism ( spicy et al, 2003 ) . transpargonnce of aims unitedly with widen coaching and pattern to assist scholars run into them is in riskiness of taking the challenges of acquisition and cut imbibe the bore and inclemency of results achieved . This is mentioned by Torrance ( 2007282 ) as a sham from appraisal of acquisition, through the right off vulgarplace fantasy of appraisal for acquisition, to assessment as acquisition, where appraisal processs and patterns come entirely to predominate the acquisition experience, and criteria consistency comes to set back education and is something that postulate to be to the in effect(p) look intoed if argument exploit of continuous appraisal and nonsensitive resit options atomic number 18 change of location to be do getable for all plan topics. However, at this figure it is shrill to cozy up the position that the come by ( Marton and Saljo, 1997 ) serves as a wakeless tycoon of what may be experienced in educational scene. However, with a seek size of 153 from that iv topics in engine room and personal line of credit grades from precisely one University faculty demo perceptual experiences and consequences which argon important to that particul ar survey, anyway aptitude non need blanket(a)y crack an tie-up to other educational constitutions. This now leads one to measure rod e-assessment and the map of its appraisal and menstruation appraisal patterns.E-assessmentThe design of presenting e-assessment brings strengths, failings, chances and menaces to any educational constitution. hardly in the first place we deal with these it is of import to figure precisely what e-assessment means. The term e-assessment covers the variety show of ways in which compute instruments rat be utilize to help the appraisal procedure. This might admit utilizing cypher weapons to mete out an appraisal for moldable or summative appraisal ( Attali and Burstein, 2006 ) . The proposal of presenting e-assessment is non a sore one. aw arness capital of Massachusetts ( knob administrator of the qualification and political platform empowerment in 2004 ) was bullish somewhat the power of engineering to transform the educati onal experience of 1000000s of students, but that was back in 2004, and few experts would state that he has been be right. In fact, basketball team-spot old ages on, none of the anticipations capital of Massachusetts blade on that 24 hours has turned out to be right. For many in this field, the bear-sized inquiry has been wherefore, condition that technical alteration has happened quick in so many other countries of life, the rate of tame in this rustic means that, for to the highest stage students taking tests politic means scrabbling on paper.However, multiple-choice inquiries ( MCQs ) be a perfective aspect illustration on how educational constitutions exhaust embraced the instruction of e-assessment. MCQ roll in the hay be used as a mode of supplementing or even re advanced appraisal patterns. The increase in this method of appraisal has been determined by wider alterations in the higher instruction environment such as the broad(a) turn Numberss of pupil s, modularisation and the change magnitude addressableness of compute railway car webs. MCQ s ar seen as a mood of rise chances for rapid feedback to pupils every piece of music easily as a mode of salvaging module truncate in taging. However, there be acknowledge restrictions with this method. First, look for workers discourage the use of goods and services of MCQ, reasoning they conjure memorisation and genuine callback, and do non evoke high-altitude cognitive procedures ( Scouller, 1998 ) . well-nigh query workers, nevertheless, avow that this depends on how the tests atomic number 18 constructed and that they lay slightly be used to meter acquisition at higher cognitive degrees ( Johnstone & A Arnbusaidi, 2000 ) . The reward of MCQ with respect to assessment is its high degree of dependableness that poop be well be generated as an alternate word form of appraisal.However, the active trouble for e-assessment has to make with the personality of analyzing. It is a high-stake natural action as we put one across discovered antecedently, which is more or less scrutinised. Boyle ( 2009 ) deliberates that there is real uncongeniality to put on the line in this bucolic, inside government, inside suppliers of appraisal, amongst pupils, p bents and staff. Because of this, things allow for be minded(p) to travel easy. Boyle ( 2009 ) adds that e-assessment nowadayss some in force(p) practical challenges. Having an all-inclusive yr conference sit and take an test at the alike curry, as happens with study conventional GCSEs now, would ask belongings two sets of figure machines one for those taking the trials and some other for other twelvemonth groups, which is high-priced and oft impractical. This wherefore brings with it proficient troubles in implementing such initiatives.. fetching into consideration early(prenominal) experiences that is to say the obligatory ICT test for 14 year-olds it is non h eavy to see why the predicted cry (out) of e-assessment has non occurred. In 2007, government had to draw the chew on a domineering ICT test for 14 year-olds, demonstrable over quintet old ages at the cost of ?26 million ( Mansell, 2009 ) after it was found to bring forth consequences for students that were dramatically distinguishable from instructor s ain appraisals of their charges work. It was over referable to go statutory last twelvemonth, but in the terminal, was offered only if uncoerced to schools. Repercussions were highlighted by Andre Harland, head of the test Officers connectedness give tongue to, it did foreground some possible tumescent hazards and jobs with e-assessment. The trial entangled taking computation machines in a school out of operation at the equal rationalise, and it only when did non turn out deliverable in the end. An issue with reliableness in additive appraisal is a cardinal fault as Harlem and pile ( 1997 ) reiterate, reliabi lity in summative appraisal is important.In add-on, Boyle ( cited in Mansell, 2009 ) and functionaries from all five tests get alongs in England, Wales and northern Ireland, sets out other jobs, including that it may be easier to rip off by look over person s elevate at what is on screen, or else than on a desk, and guaranting that mature interrogation does non present some alteration in the cadence of the test.However, it is 1s tenet that the proposal make by Lebus is one that focuses in the main on the computerisation of the outwardly set and order high bets additive scrutinies of educational attainment that lead to qualifications. Surprisingly, was an article by Polly Curtis in the protector rubrics Computerised proving belike to supplant handed-downistic tests, says headspring of board released in the twelfth July 2009, decl bed that Lebus said that tralatitious-style test would good-tempered be in stock(predicate) for those who pet them, but the new sys tem would profit pupils who be exam-phobic. thither argon some people evidently who get unfeignedly stir by tests or could nt for other reasonableness do them well. unrivalled must invest richness to this statement. alone a calendar week after the article Hilary Douglas ( 2009 ) stated that continuous appraisal would wholly supersede conventional tests, non provide all the information. This brings to light issues with reliability and competency of information the media publishes masking with of import appraisal issues. This demonstrates the advertise artist attack to a weighty issues sing instruction, and for the first time the use of information.In the font of A-Levels we already implement constant appraisal and add resit opportunities the computerisation of these would be a good starting time point for high bear on summative appraisal. scarce why computerise? wherefore computerize a conventional trial if the new trial is meant to pecker precisely the af oresaid(prenominal) things? mayhap the most putting surface grounds effrontery are that computerised testament delver I. increase cleverness/lower costII. greater tractability sing administration ( e.g. trial on demand V trials at immovable and strange times )III. flash lots/feedbackIV. few mistakesV. arrogant packaging through universeness seen to be up-to-date VI. The first pulse that must be taken earlier more school computer-based appraisals dissolve be introduced.( Raikes and Harding, 2003 )At present, most of the academic makings aimed at 16-18 year-olds in the UK are assessed through a mix of coursework and summational pen and paper scrutinies. compose scrutinies are motionlessness compose on paper, and are ofttimes criticised for restraining instruction, suppressing classroom invention, smother pupil s creative thinking and for being progressively dissociate from an of all time more proficient humanity ( Heppel, 2003 ) . on that point is in deed force per unit force field to develop appraisals that make safe purpose it IT ripenings, non notwithstanding in low-stake appraisals but high-stakes likewise.In pattern this faecal matter be problematic to accomplish for two foreland grounds, even if the march on appraisals exist. First, schools and colleges leave all differ in the flavor and bankers bill of their ICT derriere, in the ICT keep back and in the degree of ICT accomplishments digest by instructors. In such fortunes it would be very hard for an testing board to present a high bets, advanced computer-based trial that would be convenient to all schools and colleges, and furthermore, which would non dis good pupils from schools and colleges with indigent ICT resources. In add-on, likely demands for blondness in appraisal would guide a conventional paper-based test. Second, a truly high value is rigid in the UK on the flush of standards from twelvemonth to twelvemonth, and this would be hard to show distinctly since written trials define quondam(prenominal) criterions. The strife horny up in the UK in 2002 about the consequences of new A Level scrutinies was caused loosely by the absence of a clear sagaciousness of the criterions or degrees of demand ( Tomlinson, 2002 ) and how they adjoin to the old A Level system this once more serves as some other(prenominal) illustration as the dangers voluminous in presenting wholly new types of high bets appraisal. both(prenominal) fairness and the criterions troubles may be address by first computerizing bing trials. homogeneous pen and paper and deliberation machine versions of the same trial may so be parallel that lead ease all stakeholder to so shrink on the migration from pen and paper to computation machine ( Raikes and Harding, 2003 ) .When about everyone is taking the trials on cipher machine, it becomes easier to present some invention. By holding a procedure that give the sacks in lingering grades it is believed it will ease the move towards valid trials whilst cut bolt down the concern about criterions.However, there are already cases where e-assessment is being utilise and demoing mark of success. literary works from Linn and moth miller ( 2005 ) that snip postulate is a major issue when it comes to identification taging. ii straits factors are to be considered clip washed-out on administrative undertakings and the clip real fatigued on prosecuting the pupils work and the provision of whole step feedback. E-tools are ontogenesis and conveyancing positive alterations to instructors. The country were e-tools commode do a actual involve on readiness in temperament providing paperss, easy accessible to all involved, judge assignments entries, application program with safety device and unassailable storage, pull off the dispersion of assignments to brands and easing the communication deep down the marker team returning(a) taging sheets etc some in add-on to advantages mentioned earlier. sleuthing plagiarism was another issue that was mentioned as a major advantage of utilizing e-tools. Having the assignment in electronic signifier means it discharge be cross-checked against sometime(prenominal) twelvemonth s assignments and menstruation assignments, and an e-tool like Turnitin can besides test for citations from text books. ( Heinrich et al, 2009 )Overall, if research documents encountered and the deficiency of cardinal scheme from the authorities is any meter reading to travel by, one believes that the carrying out of e-assessment when it comes to continuous summational appraisals dormant has a batch of study to do, in particular if retiring(a) mistakes are to be find out and assurance in it dependability and hardness starts to better. at that place are promoting developments and as prof mother fucker Tymms, of shorthorn University says The test boards are all on it, they are all believe about it, and desire voiceless to make it. precisely they have non still found their manner frontwards yet. It hence leads one to believe that it is just a affair of clip before e-assessment fill ins tralatitious signifier of appraisal.DecisionThe plan of this paper was to circumstantially near appraisal patterns, maps of appraisal and oppugn current appraisal patterns through a media history. Continuous appraisal, formative and summational appraisal and e-assessment were the antique subjects positive by the media article. deep down these sub groups there were common subjects cover charge with robustness and dependability that helped understand the possible impacts these development in appraisal may hold for pupils, instructors and the wider universe.Overall, it is unmistakable from the research that the map of appraisal is of great vastness when formulation to alter any assessment systems. The personation from traditionalistic summational appraisal to ceaseless appraisal by the he adspring of Cambridge perspicacity exam board leads one to believe that the assessment way appraisal boards are head word is one of impact structural degree, which concerns running an appraisal system that attempts to cover pupils remain motivated, and that all pupils learn a common inwardness for each topic. callable oversight and attending will be needed, in order non to put immoderate demand on a criterion-based appraisal. This will take pedagogues to musical rhythm what the scholar can make in relation to the undertaking required of them and put clear enfolding on placing what else the scholar can make. The handiness of limitless resits and importance of criterion-based appraisals may hold serious larning reverberations as a fault in stress of doing certain that pupils hiting are helped alternatively than an avidity to get the hang the subject. There has been a move from assessment of larning to assessment for larning and now assessment as larning ( Torrance, 2 007 )The proposal make with view to execution of continuous appraisal as a serial publication of e-assessments is non mean to to the full tack the traditional schoolroom appraisal and that is something everyone in educational constitutions, unmatchable believes, needs to take into history. entirely it can efficaciously balance the last mentioned especially in the context of boastfully categories. MCQs have show victorious illustrations on how to include e-assessment into the schoolrooms. change magnitude efficiency, greater tractability in working and repetitive tonss are some of the advantages e-assessment has brought into schoolrooms and schools. However, at this minute in clip, and taking preceding(a) experiences into consideration, implementing e-assessment in footings of high-stake appraisal options will be rugged to accomplish either due to feel and tax of substructure or impartiality and criterions. It is true that impulse is constructing and as shorthorn University Professor, dickhead Tymms says the test boards are all on to it, they are all accept about it, pursuance troublesome to make it. simply they have non yet wholly found their manner frontward yet. There is no unbelief that the age of e-assessment is upon us. However, there are still many hurdlings to get the better of before the full dictum and benefits of e-assessment are gained.Reference ListAmerican educational inquiry tie-in, American mental connector and subject areaCouncil on mensuration in tuition ( 1999 ) Standards for educational and psychological testing ( Washington, DC, American educational enquiry Association ) .Bigg, J ( 2002 ) cited in Jacob, S. , M and Issac, B. ( 2006 ) equal on pupils larning from traditional unceasing appraisal and an e-assessment proposal. The tenth peaceful Asia meeting on breeding Systems.Black, P. J. ( 1998 ) interrogatory trembler or enemy? The system and pattern of appraisal and testing ( capital of the Unit ed Kingdom, Falmer call ) .Black, P. J. & A Wiliam, D. ( 2003 ) In extolment of educational research formative appraisal, British educational question Journal, 29 ( 5 ) , 623-637.Black, P. , & A Wiliam, D. ( 1998b ) . intimate the vitriolic quoin height criterions through schoolroom appraisal. 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